REDHUGO-H 1

"Forced Sterilization." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, edited by John Hartwell
     Moore, vol. 1, Detroit, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 483-86. Gale in
     Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2831200159/
     UHIC?u=lap17ehs&sid=UHIC&xid=5a9613a2. Accessed 21 Mar. 2020.

This article serves as a comprehensive reference point for the general history of eugenics. With eugenicists often being directly involved in the history of racial, genetic, and psychological research in the western world, it goes without saying that understanding the origins and effects of eugenics is imperative to understanding the development of racial intelligence research. The article covers several modern examples as well in order to establish lines of contrast and to support its argument of the unethical practices exemplified by events that modern audiences are more familiar with. More significantly, however, it more closely details the influence of eugenics in the United States, directly referencing the supposedly "mentally defective" victims of state-mandated sterilization ("Forced"). By uncovering some darker memories of America's past, the article effectively establishes points of reference and potential caveats for the audience's understanding of race and intelligence.

LeFrancois, Arthur G. "Skinner V. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1942)."
     Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, edited by David
     S. Tanenhaus, vol. 4, Detroit, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 409-10.
     Gale in Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3241200924/
     UHIC?u=lap17ehs&sid=UHIC&xid=1a479412. Accessed 21 Mar. 2020.

LeFrancois covers one of the most significant US Supreme Court cases to date in this history lesson-turned-ethics discussion. In addition to giving the expected context of the case itself, the author goes into unexpected detail regarding the history of eugenics in America, contributing to his credibility as an evaluator of the results of the case. With the author also referencing the relationship between eugenics and anti-miscegenation laws, he ties the case to a larger conversation on race and intelligence. He then moves on to analyze the larger social and political context of the case and how it affected the ruling (LeFrancois). By providing a commentary on the legal precedents set by Skinner v. Oklahoma in the context of ethical relations to the Constitution, LeFrancois provides insight into the conclusion of the eugenics chapter in American history.